Saint Patrick was
the patron saint and national apostle of Ireland who is credited
with bringing christianity to Ireland. St. Patrick was born in
Kilpatrick, Scotland 387 AD under Roman rule. His parents were
Romans, Calpurnius and Conchessa, and his name at this time was
'Maewyn Succat'. The former belonged to a Roman family of high
rank and held the office of decurio in Gaul or Britain.
Conchessa was a near relative of the great patron of Gaul, St.
Martin of Tours. Kilpatrick still retains many memorials of
Saint Patrick, and frequent pilgrimages continued far into the
Middle Ages to perpetuate there the fame of his sanctity and
miracles.
In his sixteenth year, Patrick was carried off into captivity by
Irish marauders and was sold as a slave to a chieftan named
Milchu in Dalriada, a territory of the present county of Antrim
in Ireland, where for six years he tended his master's flocks in
the valley of the Braid and on the slopes of Slemish, near the
modern town of Ballymena. He relates in his "Confessio" that
during his captivity while tending the flocks he prayed many
times in the day. In the ways of a benign Providence the six
years of Patrick's captivity became a remote preparation for his
future apostolate. He acquired a perfect knowledge of the Celtic
tongue in which he would one day announce the glad tidings of
Redemption, and, as his master Milchu was a druidical high
priest, he became familiar with all the details of Druidism from
whose bondage he was destined to liberate the Irish race.
Admonished by an angel, after six years he fled from his cruel master
and bent his steps towards the west. He relates in his "Confessio" that
he had to travel about 200 miles; and his journey was probably towards
Killala Bay and onwards thence to Westport. He found a ship ready to set
sail and after some rebuffs was allowed on board. In a few days he was
among his friends once more in Britain, but now his heart was set on
devoting himself to the service of God in the sacred ministry. We meet
with him at St. Martin's monastery at Tours, and again at the island
sanctuary of Lérins which was just then acquiring widespread renown for
learning and piety; and wherever lessons of heroic perfection in the
exercise of Christian life could be acquired, thither the fervent
Patrick was sure to bend his steps. No sooner had St. Germain entered on
his great mission at Auxerre than Patrick put himself under his
guidance, and it was at that great bishop's hands that Ireland's future
apostle was a few years later promoted to the priesthood.
It is the tradition in the territory of the Morini that Patrick under
St. Germain's guidance for some years was engaged in missionary work
among them. When Germain commissioned by the Holy See proceeded to
Britain to combat the erroneous teachings of Pelagius, he chose Patrick
to be one of his missionary companions and thus it was his privilege to
be associated with the representative of Rome in the triumphs that
ensued over heresy and Paganism, and in the many remarkable events of
the expedition, such as the miraculous calming of the tempest at sea,
the visit to the relics at St. Alban's shrine, and the Alleluia victory.
Amid all these scenes, however, Patrick's thoughts turned towards
Ireland, and from time to time he was favoured with visions of the
children from Focluth, by the Western sea, who cried to him: "O holy
youth, come back to Erin, and walk once more amongst us."
Pope St. Celestine I, who rendered immortal service to the Church by the
overthrow of the Pelagian and Nestorian heresies, and by the
imperishable wreath of honour decreed to the Blessed Virgin in the
General Council of Ephesus, crowned his pontificate by an act of the
most far-reaching consequences for the spread of Christianity and
civilization, when he entrusted St. Patrick with the mission of
gathering the Irish race into the one fold of Christ. Palladius (q.v.)
had already received that commission, but terrified by the fierce
opposition of a Wicklow chieftain had abandoned the sacred enterprise.
It was St. Germain, Bishop of Auxerre, who commended Patrick to the
pope. It was only shortly before his death that Celestine gave this
mission to Ireland's apostle and on that occasion bestowed on him many
relics and other spiritual gifts, and gave him the name "Patercius" or "Patritius",
not as an honorary title, but as a foreshadowing of the fruitfulness and
merit of his apostolate whereby he became pater civium (the father of
his people). Patrick on his return journey from Rome received at Ivrea
the tidings of the death of Palladius, and turning aside to the
neighboring city of Turin received episcopal consecration at the hands
of its great bishop, St. Maximus, and thence hastened on to Auxerre to
make under the guidance of St. Germain due preparations for the Irish
mission.
It was probably in the summer months of the year 433, that Patrick and
his companions landed at the mouth of the Vantry River close by Wicklow
Head. The Druids were at once in arms against him. But Patrick was not
disheartened. The intrepid missionary resolved to search out a more
friendly territory in which to enter on his mission. First of all,
however, he would proceed towards Dalriada, where he had been a slave,
to pay the price of ransom to his former master, and in exchange for the
servitude and cruelty endured at his hands to impart to him the
blessings and freedom of God's children. He rested for some days at the
islands off the Skerries coast, one of which still retains the name of
Inis-Patrick, and he probably visited the adjoining mainland, which in
olden times was known as Holm Patrick. Tradition fondly points out the
impression of St. Patrick's foot upon the hard rock off the main shore,
at the entrance to Skerries harbour.
Continuing his course northwards he halted at the mouth of the River
Boyne. A number of the natives there gathered around him and heard with
joy in their own sweet tongue the glad tidings of Redemption. There too
he performed his first miracle on Irish soil to confirm the honour due
to the Blessed Virgin, and the Divine birth of our Saviour. Leaving one
of his companions to continue the work of instruction so auspiciously
begun, he hastened forward to Strangford Loughand there quitting his
boat continued his journey over land towards Slemish. He had not
proceeded far when a chieftain, named Dichu, appeared on the scene to
prevent his further advance. He drew his sword to smite the saint, but
his arm became rigid as a statue and continued so until he declared
himself obedient to Patrick. Overcome by the saint's meekness and
miracles, Dichu asked for instruction and made a gift of a large sabhall
(barn), in which the sacred mysteries were offered up. This was the
first sanctuary dedicated by St. Patrick in Erin. It became in later
years a chosen retreat of the saint. A monastery and church were erected
there, and the hallowed site retains the name Sabhall (pronounced Saul)
to the present day. Continuing his journey towards Slemish, the saint
was struck with horror on seeing at a distance the fort of his old
master Milchu enveloped in flames. The fame of Patrick's marvelous power
of miracles preceeded him. Milchu, in a fit of frenzy, gathered his
treasures into his mansion and setting it on fire, cast himself into the
flames.
Returning to Saul, St. Patrick learned from Dichu that the chieftains of
Erin had been summoned to celebrate a special feast at Tara by Leoghaire,
who was the Ard-Righ, that is, the Supreme Monarch of Ireland. This was
an opportunity which Patrick would not forego; he would present himself
before the assembly, to strike a decisive blow against the Druidism that
held the nation captive, and to secure freedom for the glad tidings of
Redemption of which he was the herald. As he journeyed on he rested for
some days at the house of a chieftain named Secsnen, who with his
household joyfully embraced the Faith. The youthful Benen, or Benignus,
son of the chief, was in a special way captivated by the Gospel
doctrines and the meekness of Patrick. Whilst the saint slumbered he
would gather sweet-scented flowers and scatter them over his bosom, and
when Patrick was setting out, continuing his journey towards Tara, Benen
clung to his feet declaring that nothing would sever him from him.
Thenceforth Benen was the inseparable companion of the saint, and the
prophecy was fulfilled, for Benen is named among the "comhards" or
successors of St. Patrick in Armagh. It was on 26 March, Easter Sunday,
in 433, that the eventful assembly was to meet at Tara, and the decree
went forth that from the preceeding day the fires throughout the kingdom
should be extinguished until the signal blaze was kindled at the royal
mansion. The chiefs and Brehons came in full numbers and the druids too
would muster all their strength to bid defiance to the herald of good
tidings and to secure the hold of their superstition on the Celtic race,
for their demoniac oracles had announced that the messenger of Christ
had come to Erin. St. Patrick arrived at the hill of Slane, at the
opposite extremity of the valley from Tara, on Easter Eve, in that year
the feast of the Annunciation, and on the summit of the hill kindled the
Paschal fire.
The druids at once raised their voice. "O King", (they said) "live for
ever; this fire, which has been lighted in defiance of the royal edict,
will blaze for ever in this land unless it be this very night
extinguished." By order of the king and the agency of the druids,
repeated attempts were made to extinguish the blessed fire and to punish
with death the intruder who had disobeyed the royal command. But the
fire was not extinguished and Patrick shielded by the Divine power came
unscathed from their snares and assaults. On Easter Day the missionary
band having at their head the youth Benignus bearing aloft a copy of the
Gospels, and followed by St. Patrick who with mitre and crozier was
arrayed in full episcopal attire, proceeded in processional order to
Tara. The druids and magicians put forth all their strength and employed
all their incantations to maintain their sway over the Irish race, but
the prayer and faith of Patrick achieved a glorious triumph. The druids
by their incantations overspread the hill and surrounding plain with a
cloud of worse then Egyptian darkness.
Patrick defied them to remove that cloud, and when all their efforts
were made in vain, at his prayer the sun sent forth its rays and the
brightest sunshine lit up the scene. Again by demoniac power the
Arch-Druid Lochru, like Simon Magus of old, was lifted up high in the
air, but when Patrick knelt in prayer the druid from his flight was
dashed to pieces upon a rock. Thus was the final blow given to paganism
in the presence of all the assembled chieftains. It was, indeed, a
momentous day for the Irish race. Twice Patrick pleaded for the Faith
before Leoghaire. The king had given orders that no sign of respect was
to be extended to the strangers, but at the first meeting the youthful
Erc, a royal page, arose to show him reverence; and at the second, when
all the chieftains were assembled, the chief-bard Dubhtach showed the
same honour to the saint. Both these heroic men became fervent disciples
of the Faith and bright ornaments of the Irish Church. It was on this
second solemn occasion that St. Patrick is said to have plucked a
shamrock from the sward, to explain by its triple leaf and single stem,
in some rough way, to the assembled chieftains, the great doctrine of
the Blessed Trinity. On that bright Easter Day, the triumph of religion
at Tara was complete. The Ard-Righ granted permission to Patrick to
preach the Faith throughout the length and breadth of Erin, and the
druidical prophecy like the words of Balaam of old would be fulfilled
the sacred fire now kindled by the saint would never be extinguished.
Familiar with the Irish language and culture, Patrick chose to
incorporate traditional ritual into his lessons of Christianity instead
of attempting to eradicate native Irish beliefs. For instance, he used
bonfires to celebrate Easter since the Irish were used to honoring their
gods with fire. He also superimposed a sun, a powerful Irish symbol,
onto the Christian cross to create what is now called a Celtic cross, so
that veneration of the symbol would seem more natural to the Irish.
(Although there were a small number of Christians on the island when
Patrick arrived, most Irish practiced a nature-based pagan religion. The
Irish culture centered around a rich tradition of oral legend and myth.